The Effect of Adding Corn Stover, Tofu Dregs, and EM4 on the Physical Characteristics and pH of Centrosema pubescens Silage
Keywords:
Centrosema pubescens, physical characteristic, pH, Silage
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding EM4 starter, corn stover, and tofu dregs on the physical characteristics and pH of Centrosema pubescens (CP) silage. The study used a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replications: P1 (100% CP + starter), P2 (50% CP + 50% corn stover + starter), and P3 (50% CP + 50% tofu dregs + starter). The fermentation process was conducted for 35 days using vacuum-sealed plastic to create anaerobic conditions. Data on physical characteristics (mold presence, aroma, color, and texture) were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn Test for significant differences, while pH data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan Test for further analysis. The results showed that treatments significantly affected aroma, texture, and pH (p<0.05). The tofu dregs treatment produced the lowest pH, while the corn stover treatment resulted in the best texture, characterized by being dense and non-slimy. All treatments achieved the highest score for mold presence, indicating the absence of mold growth. However, the greenish-brown color produced by all treatments did not meet the optimal category. Adding EM4 starter with corn stover or tofu dregs proved effective in improving the quality of Centrosema pubescens silage by enhancing pH, texture, and the absence of mold growth, although all treatments produced a greenish-brown color that was not yet optimal.
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References
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Mustika, L. M., & Hartutik. (2021). Kualitas silase tebon jagung (Zea mays L.) dengan penambahan berbagai bahan aditif ditinjau dari kandungan nutrisi. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 4(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.JNT.2021.004.01.7
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Nurjanah, L. L., Umami, N., Kurniawati, A., Hanim, C., Prasetyo Wb, B., Paradhipta, D. H. V., & Meidiana, T. (2023). The quality of physic and ph of gama umami grass silage supplemented with calliandra leaves and pollard. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1183(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1183/1/012019
Obua, B. E. (2018). Silage quality and preference of Centrosema leaf ensiled with different levels of cassava peels by goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 749–752. https://njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/view/5782
Oduguwa, B. O., Jolaosho, A. O., & Ayankoso, M. T. (2007). Effects of ensiling on the physical properties, chemical composition and minerals contents of guinea grass and cassava tops silage. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 34(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.51791/NJAP.V34I1.2450
Penagos-Tabares, F., Khiaosa-ard, R., Schmidt, M., Pacífico, C., Faas, J., Jenkins, T., Nagl, V., Sulyok, M., Labuda, R., & Zebeli, Q. (2022). Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria. Mycotoxin Research, 38(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-022-00453-3
Prihandini, P. W., Henny Leondro, Yuli Arif Tribudi, Aju Tjatur Nugroho Krisnaningsih, Dimas Pratidina Puriastuti Hadiani, Dewi Khosiya Robba, Dyah Tuwi Ramsiati, Mochammad Chanafi, & Wahyuni Indah Wulansari. (2024). Komponen bioaktif pada tanaman centrocema pubescens dan potensinya sebagai pakan ternak. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 7(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2024.007.01.6
Ratnakomala, S., Ridwan, R., Kartina, G., & Widyastuti, Y. (2006). The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and 1BL-2 inoculant on the quality of napier grass silage. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.13057/BIODIV/D070208
Rufino, L. D. de A., Pereira, O. G., Ribeiro, K. G., Leandro, E. S., Santos, S. A., Bernardes, T. F., de Paula, R. A., & Agarussi, M. C. N. (2022). Effects of lactic acid bacteria with bacteriocinogenic potential on the chemical composition and fermentation profile of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 290, 115340. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2022.115340
Sadarman, Febrina, D., Wahyono, T., Mulianda, R., Qomariyah, N., Nurfitriani, R. A., Khairi, F., Adli, D. N. A., Romli, S. D., Zulkarnain, & Prastyo, A. B. (2022). Kualitas fisik silase rumput gajah dan ampas tahu segar dengan penambahan sirup komersial afkir. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi Dan Teknologi Pakan, 20(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.2.73-77
Tahuk, P. K., Bira, G. F., & Taga, H. (2020). Physical characteristics analysis of complete silage made of sorghum forage, king grass and natural grass. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 465(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/465/1/012022
Vu, V. H., Li, X., Wang, M., Liu, R., Zhang, G., Liu, W., Xia, B., & Sun, Q. (2019). Dynamics of fungal community during silage fermentation of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) produced in northern Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 32(7), 996–1006. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0708
Wambacq, E., Vanhoutte, I., Audenaert, K., De Gelder, L., & Haesaert, G. (2016). Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(7), 2284–2302. https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.7565
Wang, S., Yuan, X., Dong, Z., Li, J., Guo, G., Bai, Y., Zhang, J., & Shao, T. (2017). Characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria and their effects on the silage quality. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(6), 819–827. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0589
Wróbel, B., Nowak, J., Fabiszewska, A., Paszkiewicz-Jasińska, A., & Przystupa, W. (2023). Dry Matter Losses in Silages Resulting from Epiphytic Microbiota Activity—A Comprehensive Study. Agronomy 2023, Vol. 13, Page 450, 13(2), 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRONOMY13020450
Yanza, Y. R., Irawan, A., Jayanegara, A., Ramadhani, F., Respati, A. N., Fitri, A., Hidayat, C., Niderkorn, V., Cieslak, A., Szumacher-Strabel, M., Hidayat, R., & Tanuwiria, U. H. (2024). Saponin extracts utilization as dietary additive in ruminant nutrition: a meta-analysis of in vivo studies. Animals 2024, Vol. 14, Page 1231, 14(8), 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANI14081231
Awuchi, C. G., Nyakundi Ondari, E., Josiah Eseoghene, I., Twinomuhwezi, H., Otuosorochi Amagwula, I., & Morya, S. (2022). Fungal growth and mycotoxins production: types, toxicities, control strategies, and detoxification. In Fungal Reproduction and Growth. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100207
Bachruddin, Z. (2017). The effect of lactic acid bacteria and different level of carbohydrate sources addition on tofu waste industry fermentation. Buletin Peternakan, 41(3), 279. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i3.23677
Chen, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., MacAdam, J. W., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Interaction between plants and epiphytic lactic acid bacteria that affect plant silage fermentation. In Frontiers in Microbiology (Vol. 14). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164904
Dhalika, T., Budiman, A., & Mansyur, M. (2015). Kualitas Silase Rumput Benggala (Panicum maximum) pada Berbagai Taraf Penambahan Bahan Aditif Ekstrak Cairan Asam Laktat Produk Fermentasi Anaerob Batang Pisang. Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science), 17(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.25077/jpi.17.1.77-82.2015
Ekawati, E., Muktiani, A., & Sunarso, S. (2014). Efisiensi dan Kecernaan Ransum Domba yang Diberi Silase Ransum Komplit Eceng Gondok Ditambahkan Starter Lactobacillus plantarum. Jurnal Agripet, 14(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v14i2.1885
Kung, L., Shaver, R. D., Grant, R. J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018). Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. In Journal of Dairy Science (Vol. 101, Issue 5, pp. 4020–4033). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13909
Kurniawan, D., & Fathul, F. (2015). The effect of starter addition in silage making to physic quality and ph silage of feed from agriculture waste. In Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu (Vol. 3, Issue 4).
Li, F., Yang, X. J., Cao, Y. C., Li, S. X., Yao, J. H., Li, Z. J., & Sun, F. F. (2014). Effects of dietary effective fiber to rumen degradable starch ratios on the risk of sub-acute ruminal acidosis and rumen content fatty acids composition in dairy goat. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 189, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2013.12.011
Lv, R., Elsabagh, M., Obitsu, T., Sugino, T., Kurokawa, Y., & Kawamura, K. (2020). Effect of varying fermentation conditions with ensiling period and inoculum on photosynthetic pigments and phytol content in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage. Animal Science Journal, 91(1), e13309. https://doi.org/10.1111/ASJ.13309
Marhaeniyanto, E., Marawali, S., & Rinanti, R. (2022). Penggunaan Em4 Dan Aditif Berbeda Pada Silase Rumput Gajah (Pennisetum purpureum). Jurnal Ilmiah Fillia Cendekia, 7(2), 83-90. doi:10.32503/fillia.v7i2.2375
Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., & Kung, L. (2018). Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3980–4000. https://doi.org/10.3168/JDS.2017-13839
Mustika, L. M., & Hartutik. (2021). Kualitas silase tebon jagung (Zea mays L.) dengan penambahan berbagai bahan aditif ditinjau dari kandungan nutrisi. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 4(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.JNT.2021.004.01.7
Niderkorn, V., & Jayanegara, A. (2021). Opportunities offered by plant bioactive compounds to improve silage quality, animal health and product quality for sustainable ruminant production: a review. Agronomy 2021, Vol. 11, Page 86, 11(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRONOMY11010086
Nurjanah, L. L., Umami, N., Kurniawati, A., Hanim, C., Prasetyo Wb, B., Paradhipta, D. H. V., & Meidiana, T. (2023). The quality of physic and ph of gama umami grass silage supplemented with calliandra leaves and pollard. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1183(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1183/1/012019
Obua, B. E. (2018). Silage quality and preference of Centrosema leaf ensiled with different levels of cassava peels by goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 749–752. https://njap.org.ng/index.php/njap/article/view/5782
Oduguwa, B. O., Jolaosho, A. O., & Ayankoso, M. T. (2007). Effects of ensiling on the physical properties, chemical composition and minerals contents of guinea grass and cassava tops silage. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 34(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.51791/NJAP.V34I1.2450
Penagos-Tabares, F., Khiaosa-ard, R., Schmidt, M., Pacífico, C., Faas, J., Jenkins, T., Nagl, V., Sulyok, M., Labuda, R., & Zebeli, Q. (2022). Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria. Mycotoxin Research, 38(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-022-00453-3
Prihandini, P. W., Henny Leondro, Yuli Arif Tribudi, Aju Tjatur Nugroho Krisnaningsih, Dimas Pratidina Puriastuti Hadiani, Dewi Khosiya Robba, Dyah Tuwi Ramsiati, Mochammad Chanafi, & Wahyuni Indah Wulansari. (2024). Komponen bioaktif pada tanaman centrocema pubescens dan potensinya sebagai pakan ternak. Jurnal Nutrisi Ternak Tropis, 7(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jnt.2024.007.01.6
Ratnakomala, S., Ridwan, R., Kartina, G., & Widyastuti, Y. (2006). The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 1A-2 and 1BL-2 inoculant on the quality of napier grass silage. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.13057/BIODIV/D070208
Rufino, L. D. de A., Pereira, O. G., Ribeiro, K. G., Leandro, E. S., Santos, S. A., Bernardes, T. F., de Paula, R. A., & Agarussi, M. C. N. (2022). Effects of lactic acid bacteria with bacteriocinogenic potential on the chemical composition and fermentation profile of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 290, 115340. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2022.115340
Sadarman, Febrina, D., Wahyono, T., Mulianda, R., Qomariyah, N., Nurfitriani, R. A., Khairi, F., Adli, D. N. A., Romli, S. D., Zulkarnain, & Prastyo, A. B. (2022). Kualitas fisik silase rumput gajah dan ampas tahu segar dengan penambahan sirup komersial afkir. Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi Dan Teknologi Pakan, 20(2), 73–77. https://doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.2.73-77
Tahuk, P. K., Bira, G. F., & Taga, H. (2020). Physical characteristics analysis of complete silage made of sorghum forage, king grass and natural grass. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 465(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/465/1/012022
Vu, V. H., Li, X., Wang, M., Liu, R., Zhang, G., Liu, W., Xia, B., & Sun, Q. (2019). Dynamics of fungal community during silage fermentation of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) produced in northern Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 32(7), 996–1006. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0708
Wambacq, E., Vanhoutte, I., Audenaert, K., De Gelder, L., & Haesaert, G. (2016). Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(7), 2284–2302. https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.7565
Wang, S., Yuan, X., Dong, Z., Li, J., Guo, G., Bai, Y., Zhang, J., & Shao, T. (2017). Characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria and their effects on the silage quality. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 30(6), 819–827. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0589
Wróbel, B., Nowak, J., Fabiszewska, A., Paszkiewicz-Jasińska, A., & Przystupa, W. (2023). Dry Matter Losses in Silages Resulting from Epiphytic Microbiota Activity—A Comprehensive Study. Agronomy 2023, Vol. 13, Page 450, 13(2), 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRONOMY13020450
Yanza, Y. R., Irawan, A., Jayanegara, A., Ramadhani, F., Respati, A. N., Fitri, A., Hidayat, C., Niderkorn, V., Cieslak, A., Szumacher-Strabel, M., Hidayat, R., & Tanuwiria, U. H. (2024). Saponin extracts utilization as dietary additive in ruminant nutrition: a meta-analysis of in vivo studies. Animals 2024, Vol. 14, Page 1231, 14(8), 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANI14081231
Published
30-06-2025
How to Cite
Triana, R., Yanza, Y., Khairani, L., & Setiawan, M. (2025). The Effect of Adding Corn Stover, Tofu Dregs, and EM4 on the Physical Characteristics and pH of Centrosema pubescens Silage. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu, 13(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.36084/jpt.v13i1.621
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