Dinamika Gejala Infeksi Awal dan Penurunan Viabilitas Formulasi Kering Metarhizium anisopliae Selama Penyimpanan Tropis
Keywords:
Metarhizium anisopliae, cumulative mortality, infection progression, storage duration, bioassay
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of dry powder formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae against the cumulative mortality and progression of infection symptoms in Cylas formicarius after different storage durations under tropical room conditions. The bioassay was conducted using six storage periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months) and assessed for cumulative mortality and visible infection symptoms over 120 hours post-inoculation. The results showed that the formulation stored for 1 month (P1) produced the highest cumulative mortality of 10% within 120 hours, followed by P2 (7%), P3 (5%), P4 (4%), P5 (3%), and P6 (2%). The progression of infection symptoms followed a typical entomopathogenic fungal infection pattern, beginning with no changes at 0–24 hours, color changes at 24–48 hours, softening of the body at 48–72 hours, blackened and fragile integument at 72–96 hours, and culminating in complete mummification at 96–120 hours. Dual-axis plots revealed a strong correlation between infection symptom progression and mortality, with a significant mortality increase occurring during the blackened to mummification phase. These findings confirm that storage duration influences the viability and pathogenicity of M. anisopliae formulations, affecting infection kinetics and mortality levels in C. formicarius. This study supports the recommendation of using dry formulations stored for no more than 1–2 months to maintain optimal biocontrol efficacy.
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References
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Manikome, N. (2021). Pengendalian Hama Cylas Formicarius pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar (Ipomea Batatas L.) Menggunakan Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium SP. JUSTE (Journal of Science and Technology), 1(2), 142–152.
Mannino, M. C., Davyt-Colo, B., & Pedrini, N. (2021). Toxic Secondary Metabolites and Virulence Factors Expression by Entomopathogenic Fungi during Insect Infection and Potential Impact as a Tool for Pest Management. Dalam Md. A. Khan & W. Ahmad (Ed.), Microbes for Sustainable lnsect Pest Management (Vol. 17, hlm. 121–134). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67231-7_6
Mantzoukas, S., Lagogiannis, I., Kitsiou, F., & Eliopoulos, P. A. (2023). Entomopathogenic Action of Wild Fungal Strains against Stored Product Beetle Pests. Insects, 14(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010091
Nuraida, & Lubis, A. (2016). Pengaruh Formulasi Dan Lama Penyimpanan Pada Viabilitas, Bioaktivitas Dan Persistensi Cendawan Metarhizium anisopliae Terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana Fabricius. JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA, 16(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.216196-202
Ould Etheimine, M., Kane, C. M. H., Ould Ely, S., Barry, A., Mohamed, S. O., Babah, M. A. O., & Benchekroun, M. (2013). Storability of five new formulations of Green Muscle® (Metarhizium acridum) under ambient and low temperatures: Evaluation of conidial viability and virulence against desert locust nymphs. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 33(03), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758413000131
Prisilya, E., Afifah, L., Sugiarto, S., & Kurniati, A. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Aplikasi Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae Terhadap Mortalitas Wereng Batang Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.). JURNAL AGROPLASMA, 10(2), 776–784. https://doi.org/10.36987/agroplasma.v10i2.4503
Quesada-Moraga, E., González-Mas, N., Yousef-Yousef, M., Garrido-Jurado, I., & Fernández-Bravo, M. (2024). Key role of environmental competence in successful use of entomopathogenic fungi in microbial pest control. Journal of Pest Science, 97(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-023-01622-8
Shang, J., Hong, S., & Wang, C. (2024). Fights on the surface prior to fungal invasion of insects. PLOS Pathogens, 20(2), e1011994. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011994
Sonbai, J. H. H., & Lapinangga, N. J. (2023). Efektivitas Beberapa Media Perbanyakan Terhadap Perkembangan Jamur Entomopatogen Metarrhizium anisopliae Isolat Lokal. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil-Hasil Penelitian, 6. https://ejurnal.politanikoe.ac.id/index.php/psnp/article/view/292
Syazwan, S. A., Lee, S. Y., Sajap, A. S., Lau, W. H., Omar, D., & Mohamed, R. (2021). Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process. Biology, 10(4), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040263
Zulfiana, D., Zulfitri, A., Lestari, A. S., Krishanti, N. P. R. A., & Meisyara, D. (2020). Production of Conidia by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Against Coptotermes sp. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i1.22435
Das, P., Hazarika, L. K., Bora, Puzari, K. C., & Kalita, S. (2013). Influence of Storage Conditions on Viability and Infectivity of talc based WP Formulation of Beauveria bassiana Against Rice Hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier). Journal of Biological Control, 27(3), 229–233. https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2013/3284
Garcia Riaño, J. L., Quiroga-Cubides, G., Espinel, C., Gómez Valderrama, J. A., Gómez Álvarez, M. I., & Cortés-Rojas, D. F. (2022). Shelf-life study of oil-based formulations of Beauveria bassiana enriched with osmoprotectants: Effect on conidia germination and efficacy on Diatraea saccharalis. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 32(11), 1285–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2022.2109126
Immediato, D., Iatta, R., Camarda, A., Giangaspero, A., Capelli, G., Figueredo, L. A., Otranto, D., & Cafarchia, C. (2017). Storage of Beauveria bassiana Conidia Suspension: A Study Exploring the Potential Effects on Conidial iability and Virulence against Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer, 1778 Acari: Dermanyssidae. Annals of Biological Sciences, 05(02). https://doi.org/10.21767/2348-1927.1000111
Ingle, Y. V. (2016). Shelf-life and infectivity study of carrier formulations of entomogenous fungusNomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson. ASIAN JOURNAL OF BIO SCIENCE, 11(2), 273–276. https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/AJBS/11.2/273-276
Irawan, N., Purnomo, P., Indriyati, I., & Wibowo, L. (2015). Pengujian Formulasi Kering Metarhizium anisopliae Isolat Ugm Dan Tegineneng Serta Beauveria bassiana Isolat Tegineneng Untuk Mematikan Helopeltis spp. Di Laboratorium Dan Di Lapangan. Jurnal Agrotek Tropika, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v3i1.1977
Karthi, S., Vasantha-Srinivasan, P., Senthil-Nathan, S., Han, Y. S., Shivakumar, M. S., Murali-Baskaran, R. K., Kalaivani, K., Radhakrishnan, N., Park, K. B., & Malafaia, G. (2024). Entomopathogenic fungi promising biocontrol agents for managing lepidopteran pests: Review of current knowledge. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 58, 103146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103146
Lapinangga, N. J., & da Lopez, Y. F. (2016). Efektivitas Cendawan Entomopatogen Isolat Lokal Terhadap Hama Kumbang Ubi Jalar Cylas formicarius fabricus. PARTNER, 21(2), 317. https://doi.org/10.35726/jp.v21i2.219
Lapinangga, N. J., & da Lopez, Y. F. (2018). Pemanfaatan Bahan Nabati Lokal Berefek Pestidida untuk Mengendalikan Hama Cylas formicarius pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar. Agrovigor: Jurnal Agroekoteknologi, 34–38. https://doi.org/10.21107/agrovigor.v11i1.3822
Lapinangga, N. J., Sonbai, J. H. H., & Bunga, J. A. (2022a). Adding Several Types of Insect Flour to Increase the Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae Local Isolates against Pests Cylas formicarius. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, S38–S42. https://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2022.v28i05s.007
Lapinangga, N. J., Sonbai, J. H. H., & Bunga, J. A. (2022b). Pengaruh Jenis Formulasi Terhadap Kualitas Jamur Entomopatogen Metarrhizium Anisopliae. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil-Hasil Penelitian, 5. https://ejurnal.politanikoe.ac.id/index.php/psnp/article/view/123
Lei, C. J., Ahmad, R. H. I. R., Halim, N. A., Asib, N., Zakaria, A., & Azmi, W. A. (2023). Bioefficacy of an Oil-Emulsion Formulation of Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae against Adult Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Insects, 14(5), 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14050482
Litwin, A., Nowak, M., & Różalska, S. (2020). Entomopathogenic fungi: Unconventional applications. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 19(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-020-09525-1
Manikome, N. (2021). Pengendalian Hama Cylas Formicarius pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar (Ipomea Batatas L.) Menggunakan Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium SP. JUSTE (Journal of Science and Technology), 1(2), 142–152.
Mannino, M. C., Davyt-Colo, B., & Pedrini, N. (2021). Toxic Secondary Metabolites and Virulence Factors Expression by Entomopathogenic Fungi during Insect Infection and Potential Impact as a Tool for Pest Management. Dalam Md. A. Khan & W. Ahmad (Ed.), Microbes for Sustainable lnsect Pest Management (Vol. 17, hlm. 121–134). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67231-7_6
Mantzoukas, S., Lagogiannis, I., Kitsiou, F., & Eliopoulos, P. A. (2023). Entomopathogenic Action of Wild Fungal Strains against Stored Product Beetle Pests. Insects, 14(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14010091
Nuraida, & Lubis, A. (2016). Pengaruh Formulasi Dan Lama Penyimpanan Pada Viabilitas, Bioaktivitas Dan Persistensi Cendawan Metarhizium anisopliae Terhadap Crocidolomia pavonana Fabricius. JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA, 16(2), 196. https://doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.216196-202
Ould Etheimine, M., Kane, C. M. H., Ould Ely, S., Barry, A., Mohamed, S. O., Babah, M. A. O., & Benchekroun, M. (2013). Storability of five new formulations of Green Muscle® (Metarhizium acridum) under ambient and low temperatures: Evaluation of conidial viability and virulence against desert locust nymphs. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 33(03), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758413000131
Prisilya, E., Afifah, L., Sugiarto, S., & Kurniati, A. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Aplikasi Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae Terhadap Mortalitas Wereng Batang Coklat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.). JURNAL AGROPLASMA, 10(2), 776–784. https://doi.org/10.36987/agroplasma.v10i2.4503
Quesada-Moraga, E., González-Mas, N., Yousef-Yousef, M., Garrido-Jurado, I., & Fernández-Bravo, M. (2024). Key role of environmental competence in successful use of entomopathogenic fungi in microbial pest control. Journal of Pest Science, 97(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-023-01622-8
Shang, J., Hong, S., & Wang, C. (2024). Fights on the surface prior to fungal invasion of insects. PLOS Pathogens, 20(2), e1011994. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011994
Sonbai, J. H. H., & Lapinangga, N. J. (2023). Efektivitas Beberapa Media Perbanyakan Terhadap Perkembangan Jamur Entomopatogen Metarrhizium anisopliae Isolat Lokal. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil-Hasil Penelitian, 6. https://ejurnal.politanikoe.ac.id/index.php/psnp/article/view/292
Syazwan, S. A., Lee, S. Y., Sajap, A. S., Lau, W. H., Omar, D., & Mohamed, R. (2021). Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process. Biology, 10(4), 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10040263
Zulfiana, D., Zulfitri, A., Lestari, A. S., Krishanti, N. P. R. A., & Meisyara, D. (2020). Production of Conidia by Entomopathogenic Fungi and Their Pathogenicity Against Coptotermes sp. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i1.22435
Published
28-12-2025
How to Cite
Lapinangga, N., da Lopez, Y., Bunga, J., & Mateus, R. (2025). Dinamika Gejala Infeksi Awal dan Penurunan Viabilitas Formulasi Kering Metarhizium anisopliae Selama Penyimpanan Tropis. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu, 13(2), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.36084/jpt.v13i2.648
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